PANOUL FOTOVOLTAIC

</div> Pentru a avea energie electrica de la soare, aveti nevoie de un panoul solar ce are o celula solara sau mai multe celule. Celula solara absoarbe o parte din particulele de lumina ce cad pe aceasta, numite si fotoni. Fiecare foton contine o cantitate mica de energie. Atunci cand un foton este absorbit, acesta elibereaza un electron din materialul celului solare. Deoarece fiecare parte a celulei solare este conectata la un cablu, un curent va trece prin acesta. Celula va produce electricitate ce poate fi folosita instantaneu sau inmagazinata in acumulatori.<br /> <div align="left"> <table border="0" align="center"> <tbody> <tr> <td></td> <td> <p><strong>1. Lumina (fotoni)</strong></p> <p><strong><br />2. Suprafata frontala</strong></p> <p><strong><br />3. Strat negativ </strong></p> <p><strong><br />4. Strat izolator </strong></p> <p><strong><br />5. Strat pozitiv</strong></p> <p><strong><br />6. Suprafata posterioara<br /></strong></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div align="left"></div> <div align="left"></div> <div align="justify">Energia electrica este produsa atat timp cat panoul este expus la lumina. Materialele din care sunt fabricate celulele solare sunt semiconductoare si au o durata de viata de cel putin 20 de ani. Randamentul panourilor solare va scadea in timp. Ritmul de scadere in timp al randamentului este garantat de fiecare producator de panouri solare. Uzura panourilor este data de mediul inconjurator si modalitatea de montaj a acestora.</div> <div align="left"></div> <div align="left"><strong>Celule solare</strong></div> <div align="left"><br /> <div align="justify">Celulele solare sunt de mai multe tipuri: monocristaline, policristaline, amorfe, film subtire, CIS (copper indium diselenide) si CdTe (cadmium telluride), CIGS, etc. Diferenta intre aceste celule consta in structura si modul cum sunt aranjati atomii. Acest lucru va da si un aspect specific fiecarei celule solare. Diferenta cea mai mare consta totusi in eficienta. Eficienta celulei se masoara in procentul de energie luminoasa transformata in energie electrica. Celulele solare monocristaline si policristaline au aproape aceasi eficienta fiind si cea mai mare din multitudinea de celule solare comerciale existente pe piata.</div> </div> <div align="left"></div> <div align="justify">In ultimul timp, celulele solare CIS si CdTe au inceput sa fie disponibile pe piata in cantitati reprezentative.</div> <div align="left"><br /> <div align="center"> <table style="width: 50%;" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <p><strong>Eficienta celulor solare</strong></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>Monocristaline:</p> </td> <td> <p align="center">15-18 %</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>Policristaline:</p> </td> <td> <p align="center">13-15 %</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>Amorfe:</p> </td> <td> <p align="center">5-8 %</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>Cadmium telluride:</p> </td> <td> <p align="center">6-9 %</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> <div align="left"></div> <div></div> <div align="left"></div> <div align="left"><strong>Panourile Solare</strong></div> <div align="left"><br /> <div align="justify">Panourile solare sunt alcatuite din celule solare. Deoarece o celula fotovoltaica nu produce suficienta energie ca sa poata fi folosita eficient, este nevoie ca mai multe celule, acestea fiind legate in serie - paralel, formand astfel un panou fotovoltaic.</div> </div> <br />Panourile solare fotovoltaice sunt produse in diferite dimensiuni avand puteri variate. Cele mai folosite panouri in gama rezidentiala sunt cele de 50 si 75 W, iar pentru centrale fotovoltaice de puteri mari, panouri solare de 220W.<br /><br />Suprafata unui panou solar cristalin de 50W este de aproximativ 0,5 m2. <br /><br />Panourile solare se pot conecta si ele la randul lor in serie - paralel formand sisteme de puteri mai mari.<br /><br />Un sistem solar ce va fi contectat la un singur charger trebuie sa aiba panouri solare de acelasi tip, acelasi producator, aceasi orientare si inclinare si sa nu fie umbrit partial. Daca acest lucru nu este posibil, se vor folosi mai multe chargere.<br /><br />Panourile solare disponibile comercial au o eficienta cuprinsa intre 5 - 15%. Acest lucru inseamna ca 5-15% din energia luminoasa va fi transformata in energie electrica. <br /><br />Laboratoare din toata lumea dezvolta tehnologii de panouri solare cu randament mult mai mare (aproape 30%). Dezavantajul acestor panouri solare cu eficienta foarte mare este costul de productie ridicat. 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